闅ㄨ憲鐧界喚鐕堝強灏忓瀷鐓х浉姗熺殑闁嬬櫦(f膩)锛�1865骞寸敱Kussmaul闁嬬櫦(f膩)浜嗗彲浠ョū涔嬬偤娑堝寲绯诲収(n猫i)绐洪彙璧锋簮鐨勭‖鎬ц儍閺�锛岀偤浜嗗�炲姞鐩磋��浜洪珨鍏�(n猫i)鑷熷櫒瀹樺舰鎱�(t脿i)鐨勭爺绌讹紝1881骞村埗鎴愪簡纭�鐩寸�″紡鑳冮彙锛屾�ゅ悗闁嬬��(f膩)浜嗚粺鎬ц儍閺°��1903骞�锛屽痉鍦嬩汉鍦ㄦ瓙娲叉渶鏃╁埗鎴愯�濇湁闆诲厜婧愮殑鐩磋吀閺�銆傞�欑ó鐢遍�忛彙绲勬垚鐨勫収(n猫i)绐洪彙鏄�纭�鎬х殑銆�
    1950骞村湪鏃ユ湰闁嬬櫦(f膩)浜嗚儍鐓х浉姗�?锛熸ⅱ鍝塮閫欐槸浠ｅ収(n猫i)绐洪彙銆傚畠鑳藉�犺��瀵熼�氬父浜虹溂涓嶈兘瑙�瀵熷埌鐨勮儍鍏�(n猫i)鎯呮硜锛屽湪閫欎竴榛炰笂鏄�鍏锋湁鍔冩檪浠ｆ剰缇╃��銆傜劧鑰�锛屽畠绲﹀彈妾㈣�呴�犳垚鐨勭棝鑻︽槸寰堝ぇ鐨�锛屼笖鍦ㄨê鏂锋�ц兘鏂归潰浠嶅瓨鍦ㄥ緢澶氬晱椤�銆�
    1957骞碒irshowit绛夋噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ幓鐠冪簴缍�鎶�琛�(sh霉)闁嬬櫦(f膩)浜嗙簴缍�閺�锛岄�欐槸绗�浜屼唬鐨勭簴缍�鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙銆傚皫(d菐o)鍏夌簴缍�鐨勫嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浣垮収(n猫i)绐洪彙鍙�浠ュ仛鎴愯粺鎬х殑銆傚皫(d菐o)鍏夌簴缍�鏄�鐢辩幓鐠冪簴缍�鎴栧�戞枡绛夊悎鎴愮簴缍�鍋氭垚鐨�锛屽埄鐢ㄥ厜鐨勫�氭�″叏鍙嶅皠鍘熺悊鍌冲皫(d菐o)鍏夌殑涓�绋�绾栫董鏉愭��銆傚湪涓冨崄骞翠唬鍒濇湡鐮斿埗鍑轰簡鎬ц兘姣旇純瀹屽杽銆佷娇鐢ㄦ柟渚垮湴鍚勭ó椤�寰�鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙锛屽寘鎷�鑳�銆侀�熺��銆佸崄浜屾寚鑵搞�佹敮姘ｇ��銆侀蓟鍜藉枆銆佺洿鑵�銆佺祼(ji茅)鑵�銆佸皬鑵�銆佽喗閬撱�侀棞(gu膩n)绡�(ji茅)銆佽唨鑳辩瓑閺″瀷銆傞�氶亷椤�寰�鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勫厜瀛�(xu茅)绾栫董鍙�浠ュ偝灏�(d菐o)鍦栧儚鍜屽偝灏�(d菐o)鐓ф槑鐢ㄥ厜婧�銆傞�氬父鍏夋簮鏄�閲囩敤鍐峰厜婧愶紝涓嶆渻鐕欏偡鍜屾悕鍌峰��(n猫i)鑷熷櫒瀹�銆傜敱浜庡畠鏌旇粺鍙�绻�锛屽ぇ澶ф笡杓曚簡鐥呬汉鐨勭棝鑻�銆傜敱浜庡畠鐨勭洿瑙�鎬э紝鑳芥棭鏈熺櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)寰�灏忕梾璁婏紝濡傜��銆佺槫銆佺値鐧ャ�佹桨鐦�銆佹伅鑲夈�佺暟鐗╃瓑銆傚畠鍙�浠ョ洿鎺ュ埛鍙栬劔钀界窗鑳�锛岄墬鍙栨椿楂旂祫绻�锛屼綔娑傜墖鎴栫梾鐞嗘�㈡��銆傚彟澶栵紝鍊熷姪绾栫董鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鍙�閫茶�屼竴浜涙不鐧�锛屽�傚惛鐥帮紝楂橀牷鎵嬭��(sh霉)銆佹�㈣��銆侀墬鍙栬儍锜�銆佸紩娴佺祼(ji茅)鐭�銆佸彇鐣扮墿銆佷互鍙婅厰鍏�(n猫i)婵�鍏夋不鐧�銆佸喎鐧傜瓑銆傝嚜绐洪彙闁嬬櫦(f膩)鑷充粖20 澶氬勾渚�銆傚凡鐧�(f膩)灞曞埌鐩″杽鐩＄編鐨勭▼搴�銆�
    1983骞磜elch-Allyn鍏�鍙稿拰鏃ユ湰鍏堝悗闁嬬��(f膩)浜嗛浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙锛屽嵆绗�涓変唬鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙銆傜��涓変唬鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鍩轰簬鍥洪珨鏀濆儚鍏冧欢鍙婂ぇ瑕�(gu墨)妯￠泦鎴愰浕璺�鐨勫唬娉涙��(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽惛鏀朵簡CCD鐨勯枊鐧�(f膩)銆佽▓绠楁��銆佸崐灏�(d菐o)楂旀妧琛�(sh霉)閫叉�ュ強灏忓瀷鏀濆儚姗熺殑鏅�鍙婄瓑鍛ㄥ湇绉戝��(xu茅)鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勯�叉��銆傚畠涓嶇敤鍏夊皫(d菐o)绾栫董鍌冲皫(d菐o)鍦栧儚锛岃�屾槸鍦ㄥ収(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勯牠閮ㄨ�濆�� CCD鍥洪珨鏀濆儚闋�锛屼娇鍏夊��(xu茅)鍦栧儚璁婃垚闆昏�栧湒鍍�锛岀敱闆荤窔灏�(d菐o)鍑洪浕瑕栦俊铏熷湪闆昏�栧睆涓婇’绀哄嚭渚嗐�傜敱浜庝笉鐢ㄥ皫(d菐o)鍏夌簴缍�锛岄浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勭附楂旂洿寰戝拰纭�搴﹀ぇ鐐烘笡灏忋�傜敱浜庨噰鐢� CCD鏀濆儚鎶�琛�(sh霉)锛孋CD鐨勫儚绱犲彲閬�4 鍒�10 钀�鍊�锛屽姞涓婁俊铏熻檿鐞嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鍙�瑙�瀵熻儍灏忓綆鍙婂崄浜屾寚鑵哥胆姣�锛屽垎杈ㄧ巼澶уぇ鎻愰珮銆傞浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙娌掓湁鐩�閺★紝鍦栧儚鐩存帴閫侀’绀哄櫒锛屾垨?q奴)顣璂鍍忕敤瑕栭牷鎵撳嵃姗熸墦鍗板嚭銆備篃鍙�浠ラ�茶�岄寗鍍�銆�

    闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙锛坋ndoscopy锛夋槸涓�绋�鍙�鎻掑叆浜洪珨楂旇厰鍜岃嚐鍣ㄥ収(n猫i)鑵旈�茶�岀洿鎺ヨ��瀵�銆佽ê鏂�銆佹不鐧傜殑闆嗗厜銆佹��銆侀浕绛夐珮绮惧皷鎶�琛�(sh霉)浜庝竴楂旂殑閱�(y墨)鐢ㄩ浕瀛愬厜瀛�(xu茅)鍎�鍣ㄣ�傚畠閲囩敤灏哄�告サ灏忕殑闆诲瓙鎴愬儚鍏冧欢鈥擟CD锛堥浕鑽疯�﹀悎鍣ㄤ欢锛�锛屽皣鎵�瑕佽��瀵熺殑鑵斿収(n猫i)鐗╅珨閫氶亷寰�灏忕殑鐗╅彙鍏夊��(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)鎴愬儚鍒癈CD涓�锛岀劧鍚庨�氶亷灏�(d菐o)鍍忕簴缍�鏉熷皣鎺ユ敹鍒扮殑鍦栧儚淇¤櫉閫佸埌鍦栧儚铏曠悊绯荤当(t菕ng)涓�锛屽湪鐩�(ji膩n)瑕栧櫒涓婅几鍑鸿檿鐞嗗悗鐨勫湒鍍�锛屼緵閱�(y墨)鐢熻��瀵熷拰瑷烘柗銆�
    闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鍚岀簴缍�鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙涓�妯ｅ垎鐐洪浕瀛愯儍閺�銆侀浕瀛愬崄浜屾寚鑵搁彙銆侀浕瀛愮祼(ji茅)鑵搁彙銆傝繎骞惧勾鐧�(f膩)灞曞緢蹇�锛屼絾鐢变簬闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鍍规牸鏄傝泊锛岀敓鐢�(ch菐n)宸ヨ棟涓嶅�傜簴缍�鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鎴愮啛锛屽湪涓�瀹氭檪鏈熷収(n猫i)锛屽皻闆ｆ櫘鍙婂拰鍙栦唬绾栫董鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勮嚚搴婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆傞浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鍦ㄦ噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ柟闈�涓昏�佺敤浜庣劇鎼嶆�㈡脯鍜屽瓟鎺㈡妧琛�(sh霉)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽洜姝�锛屼富瑕侀倓鏄�鍒嗙偤宸ユ��(y猫)闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鍜岄啱(y墨)鐧傞浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙銆傚湪鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙姗熸�扮��(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽伐浣滃師鐞嗕笂鍩烘湰娌掓湁澶у�氱殑宸�鍒ャ��
    閱�(y墨)鐢ㄥ収(n猫i)绐洪彙鏄�鐩存帴鐢ㄤ締瑙�瀵熶汉楂斿収(n猫i)鑷熷櫒瀹樼殑绲勭箶褰㈡厠(t脿i)锛屾彁楂樿ê鏂风殑婧栫⒑鎬�銆傞毃钁楃�戝��(xu茅)鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�锛屽悇绋�鍏堥�茬殑绉戝��(xu茅)鎶�琛�(sh霉)閮藉湪鍚戦啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)婊查��锛屽井闆诲瓙瀛�(xu茅)銆佽▓绠楁�熸妧琛�(sh霉)銆佽秴鑱叉妧琛�(sh霉)銆佽嚜鍕曞寲鎶�琛�(sh霉)浣垮緱閱�(y墨)鐢ㄥ収(n猫i)绐洪彙寰楀埌鐧�(f膩)灞�锛屽悇绋�鍚勬ǎ鐨勫��(n猫i)绐洪彙鐩哥辜鐢�(ch菐n)鐢�锛屽叾鍔熻兘涓嶆柗鎿村睍锛屾垚鐐洪泦妾㈡煡銆佽ê鏂�銆佹不鐧傘�佹墜琛�(sh霉)鐐轰竴楂旂殑绯诲垪鐢�(ch菐n)鍝�銆�
    鐩�鍓嶇��(f膩)閬斿湅瀹跺潎鍦ㄥぇ鍔涢枊灞曞収(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ枊鐧�(f膩)宸ヤ綔锛屽湅闅涘競鍫翠笂鐭ュ悕鐨勫搧鐗屾湁鏃ユ湰姝愭灄宸存柉(Olympus)锛岀編鍦嬮泤鍊�(Welch Allyn)锛屽痉鍦婯arl storzhe Richard Wolf 鍜岃嫳鍦婾ltralfine绛�銆傛垜鍦嬬殑鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑杓冩櫄锛岀附楂旀妧琛�(sh霉)姘村钩鑸囦笘鐣屾按骞崇浉宸�杩�15骞�銆傚湅鍏�(n猫i)涓昏�佺敓鐢�(ch菐n)寤犲�舵湁涓婃捣閱�(y墨)鐢ㄥ厜瀛�(xu茅)鍎�鍣ㄥ粻銆佷笂娴烽啱(y墨)鐢ㄨê瀵熷剙鍣ㄥ粻銆佷笂娴烽啱(y墨)鐧傚櫒姊颁簲寤�銆佹矆澶у収(n猫i)绐洪彙鏈夐檺鍏�鍙�銆�

    鏁村�楅浕瀛愬��(n猫i)绐洪彙绯荤当(t菕ng)涓昏�佺敱鍏�(n猫i)閺�(endoscopy) 銆侀浕瑕栦俊鎭�绯荤��(t菕ng)涓�蹇�(video information system center) 鍜岄浕瑕栫洠(ji膩n)瑕栧櫒(television monitor) 涓夊�嬩富瑕侀儴鍒嗙祫鎴�銆傚彟澶栵紝CCD鑰﹀悎鑵旈彙銆佽厰鍏�(n猫i)鍐峰厜鐓ф槑绯荤当(t菕ng)锛堢洰鍓嶇偤LED鍏夋簮锛夈�佽�栭牷铏曠悊绯荤��(t菕ng)銆佸拰椤�绀烘墦鍗扮郴绲�(t菕ng)鏄�闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勪富瑕佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勭祫鎴愰儴鍒嗐�傞浕瀛愬収(n猫i)閺＄殑妲�(g貌u)鎴愰倓閰嶅倷涓�浜涜紨鍔╄�濈��锛屽�傞寗鍍忔��銆佺収鐩告��銆佸惛寮曞櫒浠ュ強鐢ㄤ締杓稿叆鍚勭ó淇℃伅鐨勯嵉鐩ゅ拰瑷烘柗娌荤檪鎵�鐢ㄧ殑鍚勭ó铏曠疆鍣ㄥ叿绛�銆傞浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鍦ㄥ湅鍏�(n猫i)澶т腑鍨嬮啱(y墨)闄㈠収(n猫i)閺″�ょ殑瑷烘柗鍜屾不鐧傛椿鍕曚腑璧疯憲鍗佸垎閲嶈�佺殑浣滅敤銆傚叿鏈夊垎杈ㄧ巼楂�銆佹槗浜庤ê鏂枫�佺�″緫绱�銆佷娇鐢ㄥ＝鍛介暦绛夊劒(y艒u)榛�銆備富瑕佺己榛炴槸鏄撴悕澹烇紝涓�鑸�鐢ㄦ埗涓嶈兘淇�鐞�锛屽粻瀹剁董淇�璨荤敤楂�銆�
    寰炶┏绱伴儴浠舵��(g貌u)鎴愪笂锛岄浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙涓昏�佸寘鎷�鍏堢��褰庢洸閮�銆佹彃鍏ラ儴銆佹搷浣滈儴銆侀浕姘ｆ帴闋�閮�銆傚厛绔�褰庢洸閮ㄦ槸鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勬渶鍓嶇��锛岀敱閫佹按/閫佹埃鍣村槾銆佸皫(d菐o)鍏夋潫銆佺墿閺�銆侀墬瀛愮�￠亾鍑哄��銆佸綆鏇叉�＄毊绛夌祫鎴�銆傛彃鍏ラ儴澶栭潰鏄�甯跺埢搴︾殑澶栫��锛屽収(n猫i)閮ㄥ寘瑁硅憲灏�(d菐o)鍏夋潫銆佸皫(d菐o)鍍忔潫銆侀�佹按/閫佹埃绠�銆侀墬瀛愮�￠亾鍜岄紦杓�閶肩挡銆傛搷浣滈儴鏄�閱�(y墨)鐢熸�㈡��銆佹不鐧傛檪鎵嬫寔鎿嶄綔鐨勯儴鍒嗭紝涓昏�佸寘鎷�瑙掑害鎺у埗杞�(zhu菐n)瀛�銆佸崱閹栥�佸姛鑳芥寜閳�銆佸惛寮曟椿濉�銆侀�佹按/閫佹埃娲诲�炪�侀墬瀛愮�￠亾鍏ュ彛绛�銆傞浕姘ｆ帴闋�閮ㄦ槸闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙閫ｆ帴鍐峰厜婧愬拰鍦栧儚铏曠悊绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勯儴浠讹紝鐢遍浕姘ｆ帴闋�銆佸皫(d菐o)鍏夋帴闋�銆侀�佹按/閫佹埃鎺ラ牠銆佸惛寮曟帴闋�绲勬垚銆傝�屽湪瑷烘不娲诲嫊涓�鍕曚綔鏈�闋荤箒鐨勯儴浣�: 涓�鏄�鎿嶄綔閮�锛屽寘鎷�鏈夐�佹埃/閫佹按鎸夐垥銆佸惛寮曟寜閳曘�佹椿鎾块�氶亾銆佽�掑害閳曠��銆備簩鏄�閺¤��锛岄彙韬�鐐轰竴鏍规槗褰庢洸鐨勬彃鍏ョ�★紝鐢遍嫾绲茬��(w菐ng)绠″強铔囧瀷閶肩�″埗鎴�锛屽湪灏忎簬1cm鐨勭�″緫鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭磵鏈夊皫(d菐o)鍚戞潫銆佸皫(d菐o)鍏夋潫銆佹椿妾�/鍚稿紩閫氶亾銆佹敞姘�/娉ㄦ按绠￠亾鍙婃帶鍒惰�掑害鐨勯嫾绲茬��銆傚�栧寘鏈夎仛鑳洪叝濉戞枡绠★�� 姝ょ�″叿鏈夊瘑灏佸拰闃茶厫铦曚綔鐢�锛� 浠ラ槻姝㈡按鍜岃儍娑茬殑閫插叆鍜岃厫铦曘�傞�欏叐鍊嬮牷绻佸伐浣滅殑閮ㄤ欢涓�鏃︽悕澹�锛屽繀闋堣珛浜哄摗鐢ㄥ皥鐢ㄥ伐鍏峰拰灏堢敤閰嶄欢鎵嶈兘閫茶�屼慨寰�(f霉)锛岄�犲児楂�锛屾檪闁撻暦銆傚洜姝�锛屾�ｇ⒑鍦版搷浣滃拰绮惧績鐨勭董璀蜂繚椁�(y菐ng)锛屽皪闃叉�㈠拰娓涘皯闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勬晠闅滅櫦(f膩)鐢�锛屽欢闀峰叾浣跨敤澹藉懡鍏锋湁閲嶈�佹剰缇┿��

    闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勬垚鍍忎富瑕佷緷璩翠簬閺¤韩鍓嶇��瑁濆倷鐨勫井鍨嬪湒鍍忓偝鎰熷櫒(charge coupled device锛孋CD)锛孋CD灏辫薄鏄�娣卞叆浜洪珨鑵斿��(n猫i)鐨勪竴鑷哄井鍨嬫敐鍍忔�燂紝瀹冨皣鍏夎兘杞�(zhu菐n)璁�?y艒u)娈″〝?锛屽啀?j墨ng)閬庡湒鍍忚檿鐞嗗櫒鈥滈噸寤衡�濋珮娓呮櫚搴︾殑銆佽壊褰╅�肩湡鐨勫湒鍍忛’绀哄湪鐩�(ji膩n)瑕栧櫒灞忓箷涓娿��
    涓嬮潰浠ラ啱(y墨)鐢ㄩ浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鐐轰緥瑭崇窗浠嬬垂涓嬪伐浣滃師鐞嗭細
    閱�(y墨)鐢ㄩ浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鎴愬儚绯荤当(t菕ng)涓昏�佸寘鎷�鍥涢儴鍒嗭紙鍦�1锛夛細1锛夊厜瀛�(xu茅)鎴愬儚绯荤当(t菕ng)锛�2锛塁CD椹�(q奴)鍕�銆佸湒鍍忛噰闆�銆佺法纰奸浕璺�锛堥��(q奴)鍕旵CD銆佹帶鍒跺湒鍍忛噰闆嗚垏绶ㄧ⒓锛夛紝3锛夊僵鑹插湒鍍忕暩璁婂�︽檪鏍℃�ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)锛堢敤浜庡�︽檪鍦ㄧ窔鏍℃�ｅ収(n猫i)绐洪彙鍏夊��(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭暩璁婏級锛�4锛夎�栭牷椹�(q奴)鍕曚寒搴︽帶鍒剁郴绲�(t菕ng)锛堣��(di脿o)绡�(ji茅)鍏夋簮鐨勭櫦(f膩)鍏変寒搴︼級銆�
    鍦�1锛氶啱(y墨)鐢ㄩ浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鎴愬儚绯荤当(t菕ng)妲�(g貌u)鎴�
    鍏夋簮鐧�(f膩)鍑虹殑鍏夐�氶亷鍌冲厜鏉燂紙鍏夌簴锛夌収灏勫埌浜洪珨鍏�(n猫i)鑵旓紝寰炶厰鍏�(n猫i)鍙嶅皠鐨勫厜閫插叆鍏夊��(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屽湪楂樺垎杈ㄧ巼褰╄壊闈㈤櫍CCD涓婃垚鍍忕敱CCD椹�(q奴)鍕曢浕璺�鎺у埗CCD閲囬泦鍦栧儚锛岀稉(j墨ng)绶ㄧ⒓闆昏矾杓稿嚭妯欐簴褰╄壊瑕栭牷淇¤櫉銆備寒搴︽帶鍒剁郴绲�(t菕ng)鏍规摎(j霉)CCD杓稿嚭鐨勮�栭牷淇¤櫉瑾�(di脿o)绡�(ji茅)鍏夋簮鐨勪寒搴︼紝纰轰繚杓稿嚭鍦栧儚涓婃矑鏈夌櫧鑹查珮浜�搴﹀崁(q奴)鍩�銆傜敱浜庡厜瀛�(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)瀛樺湪鐣歌畩锛孋CD杓稿嚭甯舵湁鐣歌畩鐨勮�栭牷淇¤��锛屽湒鍍忕暩璁婃牎姝ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)灏嶅叾閫茶�屽湪绶氬�︽檪鏍℃��锛屽苟杓稿嚭鏍℃�ｅ悗鐨勬�欐簴褰╄壊瑕栭牷淇¤櫉銆�
    鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙閲囩敤闆昏嵎鑰﹀悎鍣ㄤ欢CCD浣滅偤鍦栧儚鍌虫劅鍣�銆侰CD鍦栧儚鍌虫劅鍣ㄥ叿鏈夊厜闆昏綁(zhu菐n)鎻涘姛鑳斤紝 鍙堝叿鏈変俊铏熼浕鑽峰瓨鍎�銆佽綁(zhu菐n)绉诲拰璁�鍑哄姛鑳�锛屽叾宸ヤ綔閬庣▼鍙�鍒嗙偤鍥涙��:
    姝ユ槸鍏夌�嶅垎鏈�锛屽嵆鏇濆厜鏅傞枔锛岄�欐檪CCD鍍忓厓鎶婂叆灏勫厜閲忓瓙鎸夋瘮渚嬪湴杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涙垚鍏夌敓闆昏嵎锛屽畬鎴愬厜鈥旈浕杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�銆�
    绗�浜屾槸鍦ㄥ厜绌嶅垎鐨勫悓鏅�锛屾妸姣忓�嬪儚鍏冪敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鍏夐浕鑽锋毇鏅傚瓨鍎插湪鐩告噳(y墨ng)鐨勫厜鏁忎簩妤电�″嫝闃变��锛� 瀵︾従(xi脿n)淇¤櫉闆昏嵎瀛樺劜銆�
    绗�涓夋槸鍦ㄦ洕鍏夌��(ji茅)鏉熷悗锛屾妸瀛樺劜鐨勫厜鐢熼浕鑽锋部CCD绉讳綅瀵勫瓨鍣ㄨ綁(zhu菐n)绉诲埌杓稿嚭鍗�(q奴)锛� 瀹屾垚闆昏嵎杞�(zhu菐n)绉�銆�
    绗�鍥涙槸鍦ㄨ畝鍑烘斁澶у櫒涓�鎶婃瘡鍊嬪厜鐢熼浕鑽蜂緷娆¤綁(zhu菐n)璁婃垚鐩告噳(y墨ng)鐨勮�栭牷淇¤��锛屽畬鎴愪俊铏熻畝鍑�锛屽洜姝�CCD鍦栧儚鍌虫劅鍣ㄥ彲浠ョ湅鎴愪竴鍊嬪厜鈥旈浕璁婃彌鍣�锛屽畠鑳芥妸涓�骞呯┖闁撳垎甯冪殑鍏夊��(xu茅)鍦栧儚璁婃彌鎴愭寜鏅傞枔闋嗗簭鍒嗗竷鐨勮�栭牷闆诲�撲俊铏�銆�
    鐣跺厜瀛�(xu茅)鍦栧儚缍�(j墨ng)閬庣墿閺℃垚鍍忓湪CCD鍌虫劅鍣ㄤ笂鏅�锛屽湪CCD鍣ㄤ欢涓婂皣鎰熺敓鑸囨姇灏勫厜寮风浉灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫厜闆昏嵎(鍏夐浕鏁堟噳(y墨ng))锛岄�欎簺鍏夐浕鑽峰皣瀛樺劜鍦ㄤ簩妤电�＄殑鍕㈤槺涓�锛岀稉(j墨ng)閬庝竴瀹氭檪闁撶殑绌嶇疮锛屽湪椹�(q奴)鍕曡剤娌栫殑浣滅敤涓�锛屽悇鍏夋晱鍏冪殑闆昏嵎鍖呭悓鏅傚苟琛屽湴鍚戠Щ浣嶅瘎瀛樺櫒鍚勫柈鍏冭綁(zhu菐n)绉�锛屽湪鍏夋晱鍏冮�茶�屼笅涓�娆″厜闆昏嵎绌嶇疮鐨勫悓鏅傦紝鍦ㄨ畝鍑鸿剤娌栫殑浣滅敤涓嬶紝瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ収(n猫i)鐨勯浕鑽峰寘闁嬪�嬫部绉讳綅瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ悜杓稿嚭绔�杞�(zhu菐n)绉伙紝寰炶�岀嵅寰楀厜闆讳俊铏熻几鍑�锛岀敱姝よ几鍑虹殑鍏夐浕淇¤櫉缍�(j墨ng)閬庡悓姝ラ浕璺�銆佸悓姝ョ枈鍔犻浕璺�鐤婂姞銆佹秷闄よ剤娌栧共鎿俱�佺洿娴侀浕骞虫仮寰�(f霉)鑸囨帶鍒�銆佺窔鎬ф斁澶с�佽几鍑哄姛鐜囨斁澶�銆佷簩鍊煎寲铏曠悊绛夐浕璺�铏曠��锛屽緸鑰屽緱鍒板叏闆昏�栦俊铏熻几鍑恒�傞�蹭竴姝ョ殑铏曠悊锛� 鍓囨槸鎸変娇鐢ㄥ牬鍚堝拰鎶�琛�(sh霉)瑕佹眰鐨勪笉鍚岃�屽垎鍒ラ�茶�屼簡銆�

    1銆佸厛绔�褰庢洸閮ㄥ父瑕嬫晠闅滆В鏋愬強闃茶寖鎺�鏂�
    锛�1锛夐彙闋�钃嬬幓鐠冨妰鐥�銆佺牬瑁�銆佺己鍙ｃ�佽��姹＄墿瑕嗚搵锛屾渻閫犳垚鐩�(ji膩n)瑕栧櫒鍦栧儚椤�绀烘ā绯�銆佹湁榛戦粸锛屽奖闊跨梾鐧ョ殑妾㈡煡鍜岃ê鏂�銆傚�傚嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍔冪棔銆佺牬瑁�銆佺己鍙ｏ紝鍓囧仠姝�浣跨��锛涘�傝��姹＄墿瑕嗚��锛屽墖鐢ㄨ粺绱楀竷铇告竻娼旀恫鎿︽嫮骞插噲鍚庡啀浣跨敤銆�
    锛�2锛夐�佹按/閫佹埃鍣村槾琚�绮樻��銆佺暟鐗╁牭濉�锛岄�犳垚閫佹按銆侀�佹埃涓嶆殺锛屽奖闊块彙瀛愮殑浣跨敤銆傛柟娉曪細鍦ㄥ惛寮曟檪鍏堜繚鎸侀�佹埃鐙�鎱�(t脿i)锛屽惛寮曞悗鍐嶆�￠�佹按閫佹埃鎿嶄綔锛岀⒑淇濈�￠亾鍏�(n猫i)鐒℃畼鐣欐恫楂斿拰閺￠潰鐨勬竻娼斻��
    锛�3锛夊綆鏇查儴琛ㄩ潰瑕嗚憲涓�灞よ杽姗＄毊锛屾湁涓�瀹氱殑褰堟��锛岀⒑淇濆綆鏇茶�掑害鐨勮紩鏉炬搷浣�銆傚綆鏇叉�＄毊鍙�鑳芥渻鍑虹従(xi脿n)瑜剁毢銆佺牬鎼�銆侀嚌瀛�銆侀噸鐤婄瓑鏁呴殰锛屼娇閺″瓙涓嶈兘浣跨敤锛岄倓鏈冮�犳垚閺″瓙婕忔按锛屾晠骞虫檪鎳�(y墨ng)鍋氬ソ閺″瓙鐨勬脯婕忥紝涓嶈兘鐢ㄥ姏鎿︽嫮褰庢洸姗＄毊锛屼娇鐢ㄦ按婧舵�ф饯婊戞补鎿︽嫮鍙�浠ラ伩鍏嶅綆鏇叉�＄毊鎻愬墠鍑虹従(xi脿n)鑰佸寲鑶ㄨ劰銆�
    2銆佹彃鍏ラ儴甯歌�嬫晠闅滆В鏋愬強闃茶寖鎺�鏂�
    锛�1锛夋彃鍏ョ�″�栫毊鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐧�(f膩)榛�銆佽�佸寲銆佺祼(ji茅)鏅剁瓑鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛屽紩璧风殑鍘熷洜涓昏�佹槸鍦ㄦ�㈡煡鎮ｈ�呭悗娌掓湁鍙婃檪鎿︽嫮鎺夐彙瀛愪笂鐨勪汉楂旂矘娑�銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)锛屾�ら�炵墿璩�(zh矛)绲�(ji茅)鏅跺悗鏈冧娇鎻掑叆绠＄櫦(f膩)榛冪櫦(f膩)纭�銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂戒富瑕佹槸妾㈡煡瀹屽悗鍙婃檪娓呮綌琛ㄩ潰璐撶墿锛屾竻娲楁檪瑕佸厛鐢ㄩ叾娑叉蹈娉�锛岀劧鍚庣敤娓呮按娌栨礂骞插噲銆�
    锛�2锛夋彃鍏ョ�¤泧绠″嚭鐝�(xi脿n)閲濆瓟銆佺牬鎼�銆佹姌鐨猴紝姝ら�炵��(xi脿n)璞″紩璧风殑鍘熷洜涓昏�佹槸鎻掑叆绠″拰閵崇墿纰版��銆佹竻娲楃洡鍦堟檪瑙掑害閬庡皬銆佹偅鑰呭彛澧婅劔钀�銆侀彙楂旇��鎮ｈ�呭挰鍌�銆侀彙瀛愬畨鏀炬檪琚�澶剧��銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂戒富瑕佹槸鎷块彙瀛愩�佹竻娲楁檪鐩ゅ湀瑙掑害涓嶈�侀亷灏�锛屾彁闃茶垏閵崇墿纰版挒銆佽��澶�銆侀彙楂旇��鎮ｈ�呭挰鍌�銆�
    锛�3锛夋彃鍏ョ�″��(n猫i)閮ㄧ殑灏�(d菐o)鍏夋潫灏�(d菐o)鍏夋殫娣�銆佺櫦(f膩)榛冩垨涓嶅皫(d菐o)鍏�锛屽皫(d菐o)鍍忔潫灏�(d菐o)鍍忓嚭鐝�(xi脿n)榛戦粸锛屼富瑕佹槸鐢变簬鎻掑叆绠℃墦鎶樿�掑害閬庡��銆佹摖澹�銆佺�版��銆佽��澶俱�佽��鎮ｈ�呭挰鍌风瓑灏�(d菐o)鑷村皫(d菐o)鍏夋潫銆佸皫(d菐o)鍍忔潫鍏夌簴鏈変竴閮ㄥ垎鏂疯��銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂借垏锛�2锛変腑鐩稿悓銆�
    锛�4锛夐墬瀛愮�￠亾涔熶綅浜庢彃鍏ョ�″収(n猫i)閮�锛屼富瑕佺敤浜庢椿妾㈤墬銆佺暟鐗╅墬绛夊緸涓�閫氶亷锛屽叾鏁呴殰涓昏�佹槸閴楀瓙绠￠亾绠″�佹湁閲濆瓟銆佽�傜棔绛夌牬鎼�锛岄�犳垚閺″瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄦ紡姘�锛屽緸鑰屽紩鐧�(f膩)閺″瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄩ浕姘ｉ儴鍒嗙煭璺�锛屽毚閲嶆檪閫犳垚CCD鐕掓瘈銆傞�犳垚姝ら�炴晠闅滅殑鍘熷洜涓昏�佹槸鍦ㄥ綆鏇茶�掑害閬庡ぇ鏅傞�氶檮浠�锛屽湪閴楀瓙绠￠亾鍏�(n猫i)閲嬫斁閲濋牠銆佹椿妾㈤墬銆佺暟鐗╅墬銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂芥湁锛氶檮浠跺湪鍏堢��褰庢洸閮ㄦ斁鏉炬檪閫氶亷閴楅亾绠★紱绛夊埌闄勪欢浼稿嚭閴楅亾鍙ｅ悗鍐嶉噵鏀鹃嚌闋�锛涢枆鍚堟椿妾㈤墬鍚庡啀鎻掓嫈锛涗娇鐢ㄦ矑鏈夊晱椤岀殑娲绘�㈤��锛涗娇鐢ㄥ墠鍋氬ソ娓�婕忓伐浣溿��
    3銆佹搷浣滈儴甯歌�嬫晠闅滆В鏋愬強闃茶寖鎺�鏂�
    锛�1锛夋搷鎺ф寜閳曘�佽�掑害鏃嬮垥婕忔��锛屽彲鑳介�犳垚鎿嶄綔閮ㄥ収(n猫i)閮ㄩ�叉按锛岄浕姘ｇ煭璺�銆傚父瑕嬫晠闅滃師鍥犵偤鎿嶆帶鎸夐垥鑸囬嫆鍒╅儴浠剁�版挒锛屾垨闀蜂箙浣跨敤閫犳垚鎸夐垥姗＄毊鑰佸寲銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂戒富瑕佺偤灏忓績杓曟斁锛屼娇鐢ㄥ墠鍋氬ソ娓�婕忓伐浣溿��
    锛�2锛夊惛寮曞彛纾ㄦ悕锛屽毚閲嶆檪灏囧嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鑷�鍕曞惛寮�锛岄洊鍚稿紩閲忓緢灏忥紝浣嗙洿鎺ラ�犳垚閫佹埃閲忎笉瓒�锛岀劇娉曞皣鑳冨畬鍏ㄦ拹婊�锛屼竴鐩翠繚鎸侀暦鏅傞枔閫佹埃鐙�鎱�(t脿i)銆傞尟瑾ょ殑鎶藉嚭闄勪欢鐨勬墜娉曞線寰�鏈冨皫(d菐o)鑷村惛寮曞彛纾ㄦ悕锛屽姞寮蜂娇鐢ㄨ�呯殑瑕�(gu墨)鑼冩搷浣滃彲閬垮厤姝ゆ晠闅滅殑鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆�
    锛�3锛夎�掑害閶肩挡鏂凤紝涓昏�佹槸鎵撹�掑害鏅傜敤鍔涢亷澶т娇寰楄秴閬庤�掑害鑼冨湇寮曡捣銆傝��(gu墨)鑼冪殑鎿嶄綔鍜屼娇鐢ㄥ彲浠ラ伩鍏嶈┎鏁呴殰銆傛墦瑙掑害鏅傚嫊浣滆�佽紩绶�锛屼竴渚嗕笉鍌峰強鐥呬汉锛屼簩渚嗕繚璀疯�掑害閶肩��銆�
    4銆侀浕姘ｉ�ｆ帴閮ㄥ父瑕嬫晠闅滆В鏋愬強闃茶寖鎺�鏂�
    锛�1锛夐浕姘ｉ�ｆ帴鍙ｈ厫铦曞拰鐢熼姽鏈冮�犳垚鍦栧儚闁冪垗銆佹姈鍕曠瓑鐣�?锛孎(xi脿n)璞★紝鍤撮噸鐨勬渻浣緾CD 鎼嶅��銆傚紩璧疯┎鏁呴殰鐨勫師鍥犱富瑕佺偤锛氭竻娲楁秷姣掓檪闆绘埃閫ｆ帴閮ㄦ湭钃嬮槻姘村附锛岄浕姘ｉ�ｆ帴鍙ｅ湪娌炬湁姘寸殑鎯呮硜涓嬭垏鍦栧儚铏曠悊涓�蹇冪浉閫�銆傞槻鑼冩帾鏂界偤锛氶彙瀛愬湪娓呮礂娑堟瘨鏅傝�佽搵闃叉按甯斤紝涔嬪悗涓�瀹氳�佺敤骞插竷鎿︽嫮閺¤韩骞剁敤姘ｆ�嶅惞骞查浕姘ｆ帴鍙ｉ粸銆�
    锛�2锛夐浕姘ｉ�ｆ帴闋�鑸囬�ｆ帴搴у湪鍗″彛鏈�灏嶆簴鐨勬儏娉佷笅鐢ㄥ姏宓屽��锛岄�犳垚闆绘埃閫ｆ帴闋�鍏�(n猫i)鐨勯噾灞�閲濋牠鎶樻��锛屽紩璧峰湒鍍忕暟?锛涢�榦鍦栧儚椤�绀恒�傞浕姘ｉ�ｆ帴鏅傛寜灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勪綅缃�鍗＄墷鎺ュ彛浠ラ伩鍏嶈┎鏁呴殰銆�

    鐩�鍓嶆垜鍦嬪伐妤�(y猫)闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐧�(f膩)灞曟柟鍚戜富瑕佸偩鍚戜簬楂橀檮鍔犲��銆侀珮璩�(zh矛)閲�銆侀珮鎶�琛�(sh霉)鍚�閲忕瓑楂樼��鐢�(ch菐n)鍝佺櫦(f膩)灞�銆傚伐妤�(y猫)闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙琛屾キ(y猫)闈㈣嚚鐨勫晱椤屽師鏉愭枡銆佸埄娼ゃ�佸児鏍�銆佹垚鏈�绛夊晱椤屼粛鐒跺瓨鍦�锛岃�屼笖鐢变簬鍚勪紒妤�(y猫)鐨勬摯澶х敓鐢�(ch菐n)鍙�鑳介�蹭竴姝ュ姞鍔�锛屼絾鐒¤珫鎬庢ǎ锛屽伐妤�(y猫)闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙浼佹キ(y猫)鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茶獚璀樺埌鍟忛�岀殑鍤撮噸鎬э紝鍔�鍔涙帹閫叉妧琛�(sh霉)鏀归潻鍜岄�叉��锛岃蛋鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨弸濂藉瀷鍜屾妧琛�(sh霉)閫叉�ュ瀷鎵嶆槸宸ユ��(y猫)闆诲瓙鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙浼佹キ(y猫)鍙�鎸佺��(x霉)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑蹇呯敱涔嬭矾銆�
    灏嶄簬閱�(y墨)鐢ㄩ浕瀛愬収(n猫i)绐洪彙鑰岃█锛岄�栧��,鐐轰簡娓涜紩鐥呬汉鐨勭棝鑻�,閱�(y墨)鐢ㄥ収(n猫i)绐洪彙鍚戝皬鍨嬪寲,寰�鍨嬪寲鏂瑰悜鐧�(f膩)灞�锛涘叾娆�,鐐轰簡渚夸簬閱�(y墨)鐢熺殑鎵嬭��(sh霉)鎿嶄綔瑗挎柟鐧�(f膩)閬斿湅瀹跺凡鐮斿埗鎴愬姛鎵嬭��(sh霉)姗熷櫒浜虹郴绲�(t菕ng)锛岀敤瀹冧締瀹屾垚鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勬搷浣滅敋鑷虫墜琛�(sh霉)鍣ㄦ�扮殑鎿嶄��銆傛墜琛�(sh霉)鏇村畨鍏ㄣ�佹簴纰�銆佷究鍒�,澶уぇ娓涜紩閱�(y墨)鍕�(w霉)浜哄摗鐨勫嫗鍕曞姏銆傚彟澶�,闅ㄨ憲鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｉ�氫俊缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�,閬犵▼鎿嶄綔鍏�(n猫i)绐洪彙鎵嬭��(sh霉)宸叉垚鍔熷�︾��(xi脿n),鐐烘湁缍�(j墨ng)椹楅啱(y墨)鍕�(w霉)浜哄摗鐨勭己涔忚捣涓�瀹氱殑褰岃�滀綔鐢�,缍�(j墨ng)椹楄睈瀵岀殑澶栫�戦��(y墨)鐢熷彲浠ュ�熷姪閬犵▼鎿嶄綔,鎸囧皫(d菐o)涓嶄究鍒伴仈鐨勬�ヨê鎵嬭��(sh霉)銆傜附涔�,閱�(y墨)鐢ㄥ収(n猫i)绐洪彙鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曠偤浜哄�戞彮绀轰簡浜洪珨鐨勫ェ绉�,浣垮�氱ó鐤戦洠鐥呯櫏寰楀埌瑷烘柗鍜屾不鐧�銆�